The American Academy of Ophthalmology1 presented a review of the indications for upper and lower blepharoplasty, an operation where redundant tissue (skin, muscle, or fat) is removed from the eyelid(s). Blepharoplasty is performed for functional purposes or cosmetic purposes. The intention of functional surgery is to restore normalcy to structures that have been compromised by trauma, infection, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasia, or developmental abnormalities. The author states that blepharoplasty includes procedures to repair ptosis, eyelid retraction, entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, or defects after excision of tumors.
Visual field loss can result from malposition of the upper eyelids. Superior visual field impairment ranges from 20% loss of visual field for mild ptosis to 64% in advanced/severe cases where the eyelid is located in the middle of the pupil.
A common functional indication for upper eyelid blepharoplasty is dermatochalasis, a superior visual field defect secondary to redundant upper eyelid tissue that overhangs the eyelid margin. Pseudoptosis may be defined as the upper eyelid in an abnormally low position due to mechanical weight of the excess eyelid. Dermatochalasis may lead to pseudoptosis. This excessive skin may result in asthenopic symptoms, persistent blepharoconjunctivitis (functional dermatochalasia) and dry eye symptoms. Levator aponeurosis dehiscence or disinsertion or neurologic factors found in true blepharoptosis may also be seen with dermatochalasis. Dermatochalasis and brow ptosis are often seen together therefore brow lift may be indicated in conjunction with blepharoplasty. In addition to the functional problems described above, inflammatory disorders of the orbit or eyelids may be treated by blepharoplasty. One such example of an inflammatory disorder that may warrant upper eyelid blepharoplasty is Graves' ophthalmopathy a condition characterized by edema and fullness of the eyelids with anterior prolapse of orbital fat and lacrimal gland tissue. Blepharochalasis, a disease where recurrent episodes of idiopathic eyelid edema results in stretching and redundancy of the eyelid tissues and floppy eyelid syndrome, that might be related to blepharochalasis, causes chronic papillary conjunctivitis and may be treated effectively with blepharoplasty. Blepharoplasty may be useful when skin grafts are required secondary to trauma of the eyelid or orbit to replace avulsed or burned eyelid tissue or to cover loss or atrophy of orbital fat. Subsequent trimming of the healed grafts may be required.
Functional lower eyelid blepharoplasty is indicated when middle aged or elderly patients experience large lower eyelid edema secondary to systemic corticosteroid therapy, myxedema, Graves' disease, nephrotic syndrome, or other metabolic or inflammatory disorders. Lower lid blepharoplasty may also be required in cases of epiblepharon or entropion (extra roll of pretarsal skin and orbicularis muscle deflects the eyelashes against the cornea).
A systematic review of functional indications for upper eyelid ptosis and blepharoplasty surgery.
Cahill and colleagues3 conducted a literature search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases on July 24, 2008. The search strategy used to search the databases included keywords such as blepharoptosis, eyelid drooping, eyelid diseases, blepharoplasty and palpebral ptosis. Inclusion criteria were as follows: the publication was an original report, relevant to surgical treatment of ptosis or upper eyelid dermatochalasis, provided a report of a primary outcome of functional improvement, and follow-up period of at least 6 weeks (if a surgical series). Initial search retrieved 87 studies and was subsequently pared down to 13 final studies. The objective of this review was to evaluate the functional indications and outcomes of blepharoplasty and blepharoptosis repair by answering the following questions: (1) What are the functional indications for surgery? (2) What are the results of surgery? (3) Does surgery for ptosis or dermatochalasis improve visual function or quality of life?
In these 13 studies the authors determined that functional surgery was commonly performed for indications such as impaired visual acuity, decreased peripheral vision, a compensatory chin-up backward head tilt, difficulty reading, dermatitis, eye strain and fatigue, and difficulty wearing prosthesis in an anophthalmic socket. The authors also concluded that the surgeries performed in the studies to repair blepharoptosis and upper eyelid dermatochalasis resulted in significant improvement in vision for the patients. Ptosis and upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery were found to be functionally beneficial for each of these quantitative findings: MRD1 of <2 mm measured in primary gaze, superior visual field loss of 12 degrees or 24% and down-gaze ptosis impairing reading documented by MRD of <2 mm measured in down gaze. Other quantitative findings that surgery provided a benefit also included chin-up backward head tilt due to lids, symptoms of discomfort or eye strain due to droopy lids, central visual interference due to upper eyelid position, and patient self-reported functional impairment.
The third question, concerning improved visual function or quality of life was answered primarily through studies by Battu et al. and Federici et al.
Battu et al, conducted a prospective study of the effect of unilateral and bilateral ptosis surgery on subjective visual function and quality of life outcome measures. The study used questionnaires pertaining to vision-related activities, symptoms, and well-being. Fifty consecutive adults ranging in age from 22 to 93 years (mean, 65 years) completed the questionnaires before ptosis surgery and then 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. All of the patients had ptosis severe enough to cause visual field limitation, with MRD1 of 2 mm or less. All patients achieved improved eyelid position after surgery and statistically significant improvement in the performance categories such as fine manual work, hanging or reaching for objects above eye level, reading, watching television, reading road signs, seeing stop lights above while driving, working on a computer or typewriter. There were no symptoms or activities that showed a mean worsening after ptosis surgery.
A subsequent study by Federici et al. used the same questionnaires before and after surgery as Battu et al. This study was a larger cohort of 100 patients, ranging in age from 22 to 93 years (mean, 65.8 years). Significant improvement in ache around eyes, self-image, tearing, redness, burning, dryness, economic status, and general well-being were reported. In addition to the improved symptom categories in the previous study, Federici et al. evaluated additional activity categories with results showing statistically significant improvement when performing one’s occupation, playing a sport, and walking without assistance. Patient’s preoperative functional impairment was more strongly associated with their degree of functional improvement after surgery than their preoperative eyelid measurements or visual field tests.
A review of eyelid malposition repair and current techniques.
Guthrie and colleagues2 conducted a review of literature and technique in eyelid malposition repair. The authors stated that defects of the eyelid pose a challenge to surgeons due to the delicate nature of both its form and function.
According to the authors, prior to performing blepharoplasty, it is important that patients be both medically and psychologically prepared to undergo the procedure and the recovery. A thorough medical and surgical history must be taken and a detailed examination of both the orbits and the face as a whole must be performed.
The authors described conditions of the eyelid that may warrant a surgical procedure as the following:
Entropion which is defined as inward rotation of the eyelid margin is one of the most commonly seen eyelid malposition defects. The inward rotation of the eyelid leads to contact of eyelid epithelium and eyelashes to the cornea causing corneal irritation and discomfort including redness, tearing, and foreign body sensation. Involutional entropion the most common form of this condition is seen in the aging, and is a laxity in the medial and lateral canthal tendons, combined with tarsal thinning which results in diminished horizontal support of the lower lid. Involutional entropion can be congenital, but is a rare condition. Another form of entropion, cicatricial entropion, has many causes such as trauma, burns, chronic medication use, and infection.
Another form of eyelid malposition is ectropion which is defined as a turning out of the eyelid margin. The eversion of the eyelid leads to corneal and conjunctival exposure causing eye irritation, inflammation, and epiphora (excessive tearing). Ectropion can be broken down into categories of involutional, cicatricial, paralytic, and mechanical. Involutional ectropion, the most frequently encountered type, is caused by age-related lower eyelid laxity. Laxity is a result of a combination of gravity and atrophy of the orbicularis muscle and medial and lateral canthal tendons. Paralytic ectropion is paralysis of the orbicularis muscle as result of trauma, Bell’s palsy, surgery, and/or stroke. Cicatricial ectropion results from anterior lamella shortening due to scarring. Lastly mechanical ectropion occurs secondary to an eyelid mass or tumor.
Eyelid retraction, most commonly affecting the lower eyelid, may be seen in patients with scarring from trauma or surgery, thyroid ophthalmopathy, unilateral ptosis with resultant contralateral over activity of the levator palpebrae muscle, Graves’ disease, Parinaud’s syndrome, or chronic corticosteroid use.
Blepharoptosis, drooping of the upper eyelid, may be categorized as congenital or acquired. Congenital blepharoptosis is generally caused by embryonic failure of the levator muscle to develop. Acquired blepharoptosis is the most common form of blepharoptosis and can be either involutional or senile ptosis. This condition is caused by the disinsertion or dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus. On exam, there is general poor levator function, with worsening of the ptosis on downward gaze, and a high lid crease. These patients tend to do quite well with surgical intervention.
