LCD Reference Article Billing and Coding Article

Billing and Coding: Influenza Diagnostic Tests

A54769

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Source Article ID
N/A
Article ID
A54769
Original ICD-9 Article ID
Not Applicable
Article Title
Billing and Coding: Influenza Diagnostic Tests
Article Type
Billing and Coding
Original Effective Date
12/10/2015
Revision Effective Date
01/01/2022
Revision Ending Date
N/A
Retirement Date
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CMS National Coverage Policy

Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (SSA) §1833(e) prohibits Medicare payment for any claim lacking the necessary documentation to process the claim

Article Guidance

Article Text

To avoid the overuse of antibiotics and the potential risk of antibiotic resistance, point of care providers should consider testing patients prior to prescribing treatment for a bacterial or influenza infection. Influenza testing (using molecular methods) is recommended for hospitalized patients with suspected influenza. However, testing is not needed for all outpatients with signs and symptoms consistent with influenza before making antiviral treatment decisions, particularly once influenza activity has been documented in the community. The following summary provides a list of the main available types of diagnostics tests:

Rapid Antigen Tests:

  • Available at the point of care
  • Yields a Flu A and Flu B result in < 30 minutes
  • Less sensitive (50%-70%) and specific (90%-95%) compared to other methods and may require confirmation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture. Note: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that all Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) achieve 80% or higher sensitivity compared with RT-PCR.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations:
    • Use rapid diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity.
    • Collect respiratory tract specimens as early in the illness as possible (within 3-4 days of illness onset).
    • Follow manufacturer’s instructions, including handling of respiratory specimens, as described in the device package insert.
    • Consider sending respiratory specimens (from symptomatic patients) for RT-PCR to confirm results of RIDTs, especially in the following situations:
      • When community influenza activity is low and the rapid diagnostic test result is positive.
      • When community influenza activity is high and the rapid diagnostic test result is negative.

Contact your local or state health department for information about influenza activity.

      • A patient has had recent close exposure (this does NOT include eating cooked meat) to pigs or birds (including poultry) or other animals, and there is concern for infection with a novel influenza A virus.

Targeted Molecular Methods:

  • Uses RT-PCR or other amplification methods to detect viral nucleic acids
  • Results available in < 24 hours (often in less than 2-4 hours)
  • Detects from 1-2 to up to 20 respiratory pathogens from 1 specimen
  • A positive result (on testing of an upper respiratory tract specimen) in a person who recently received intranasal administration of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) may indicate detection of vaccine virus.

Viral Culture:

  • Confirms present active infection
  • Results available in 3-10 days
  • Misses opportunity for Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) treatment for positive patients

Immunofluorescence (IF) - Direct (DFA) or Indirect (IFA) Fluorescent Antibody Staining (antigen detection):

  • Moderate sensitivity and high specificity
  • Results available in approximately 2-4 hours

If a rapid antigen test is performed and then confirmed using PCR, the second test may require the -59 modifier.

If a CLIA-waived test is performed, the -QW modifier should be reported for the waived test.

Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for Clinicians on Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza. Accessed 4/27/21.

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Code Description
59 DISTINCT PROCEDURAL SERVICE: UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PHYSICIAN MAY NEED TO INDICATE THAT A PROCEDURE OR SERVICE WAS DISTINCT OR INDEPENDENT FROM OTHER SERVICES PERFORMED ON THE SAME DAY. MODIFIER -59 IS USED TO IDENTIFY PROCEDURES/SERVICES THAT ARE NOT NORMALLY REPORTED TOGETHER, BUT ARE APPROPRIATE UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES. THIS MAY REPRESENT A DIFFERENT SESSION OR PATIENT ENCOUNTER, DIFFERENT PROCEDURE OR SURGERY, DIFFERNET SITE OR ORGAN SYSTEM, SEPARATE INCISION/EXCISION, SEPARATE LESION, OR SEPARATE INJURY (OR AREA OF INJURY IN EXTENSIVE INJURIES) NOT ORDINARILY ENCOUNTERED OR PERFORMED ON THE SAME DAY BY THE SAME PHYSICIAN. HOWEVER, WHAN ANOTHER ALREADY ESTABLISHED MODIFIER IS APPROPRIATE IT SHOULD BE USED RATHER THAN MODIFIER -59. ONLY IF NO MORE DESCRIPTIVE MODIFIER IS AVAILABLE, AND THE USE OF MODIFIER -59 BEST EXPLAINS THE CIRCUMSTANCES, SHOULD MODIFIER -59 BE USED. MODIFIER CODE 09959 MAY BE USED AS AN ALTERNATE TO MODIFIER -59.
QW CLIA WAIVED TEST
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Revision History Information

Revision History Date Revision History Number Revision History Explanation
01/01/2022 R8

Under CPT/HCPCS Codes Group 1: Codes the description was revised for 87400. This revision is due to the 2022 Annual CPT®/HCPCS Code Update and is effective on 1/1/2022.

06/10/2021 R7

Under CPT/HCPCS Codes Group 1: Codes deleted 87631, 87636, 87637, 87807, 0202U, 0223U and 0225U. The addition of codes 87636, 87637, 0202U, 0223U and 0225U in revision #6 should be disregarded.

06/10/2021 R6

Under CMS National Coverage Policy added the regulation “Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (SSA) §1833(e) prohibits Medicare payment for any claim lacking the necessary documentation to process the claim.” Under Article Text revised the first paragraph to state “To avoid the overuse of antibiotics and the potential risk of antibiotic resistance, point of care providers should consider testing patients prior to prescribing treatment for a bacterial or influenza infection. Influenza testing (using molecular methods) is recommended for hospitalized patients with suspected influenza. However, testing is not needed for all outpatients with signs and symptoms consistent with influenza before making antiviral treatment decisions, particularly once influenza activity has been documented in the community. The following summary provides a list of the main available types of diagnostics tests.” Under the subheading Rapid Antigen Tests deleted the verbiage “with another method” and added the verbiage “by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture. Note: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that all Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) achieve 80% or higher sensitivity compared with RT-PCR” to the end of the third bullet point. Deleted the fifth and sixth bullet point and added the verbiage:

  • “Use rapid diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity.
  • Collect respiratory tract specimens as early in the illness as possible (within 3-4 days of illness onset).
  • Follow manufacturer’s instructions, including handling of respiratory specimens, as described in the device package insert.
  • Consider sending respiratory specimens (from symptomatic patients) for RT-PCR to confirm results of RIDTs, especially in the following situations:
    • When community influenza activity is low and the rapid diagnostic test result is positive.
    • When community influenza activity is high and the rapid diagnostic test result is negative.

                  Contact your local or state health department for information about influenza activity.

    • A patient has had recent close exposure (this does NOT include eating cooked meat) to pigs or birds (including poultry) or other animals, and there is concern for infection with a novel influenza A virus.”

Under the subheading Targeted Molecular Methods deleted the word “isothermal” and replaced it with “other” in the first bullet point. Added the verbiage “(often in less than 2-4 hours)” to the second bullet point. Added the fourth bullet point verbiage “A positive result (on testing of an upper respiratory tract specimen) in a person who recently received intranasal administration of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) may indicate detection of vaccine virus.” Under the subheading Viral Culture added the word “Oseltamivir” to the third bullet point. Added the subheading Immunofluorescence (IF) - Direct (DFA) or Indirect (IFA) Fluorescent Antibody Staining (antigen detection) and the corresponding bullet points. Deleted the CPT® Coding Guidance for Diagnostic Tests subheading and associated table. Updated the Reference to reflect AMA citation guidelines. Under CPT/HCPCS Codes Group 1: Codes added 87275, 87276, 87400, 87636, 87637, 0202U, 0223U, 0225U and deleted 87632 and 87633. Typographical errors were corrected throughout the article. Acronyms were inserted and defined where appropriate throughout the article. This revision will become effective 6/10/2021.

Under CPT/HCPCS Codes Group 1: Codes the description was revised for 87804 and 87807. This revision is due to the Q2 2021 CPT/HCPCS Code Update and is effective for dates of service on or after 4/1/2021.

10/24/2019 R5

This article is being revised in order to adhere to CMS requirements per chapter 13, section 13.5.1 of the Program Integrity Manual. Under Article Title changed the title from “Influenza Diagnostic Tests” to “Billing and Coding: Influenza Diagnostic Tests”. Under Article Text subheading Reference the access date was updated for the CDC website. Under CPT/HCPCS Modifiers Group 1: Codes added modifiers 59 and QW. CPT® was inserted throughout the article where applicable. Formatting and typographical errors were corrected throughout the article.

11/22/2018 R4

Removed "Test Selection" section from Article.

02/26/2018 R3 The Jurisdiction "J" Part A and Part B Contracts for Alabama (10111/10112), Georgia (10211/10212) and Tennessee (10311/10312) are now being serviced by Palmetto GBA. Effective 02/26/18, these 6 contract numbers are being added to this article. No coverage, coding or other substantive changes (beyond the addition of the 6 Part A and B contract numbers) have been completed in this revision.
11/23/2017 R2

Updated to correct table and bullet formatting

01/01/2017 R1 Under CPT/HCPCS Codes the description was revised for CPT code 87253. This revision is due to the 2017 Annual CPT/HCPCS Code Update and becomes effective 1/1/17.
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Associated Documents

Medicare BPM Ch 15.50.2 SAD Determinations
Medicare BPM Ch 15.50.2
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Keywords

  • Influenza