Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation for Voiding Dysfunction

Language quoted from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), National Coverage Determinations (NCDs) and coverage provisions in interpretive manuals is italicized throughout the policy. NCDs and coverage provisions in interpretive manuals are not subject to the Local Coverage Determination (LCD) Review Process (42 CFR 405.860[b] and 42 CFR 426 [Subpart D]). In addition, an administrative law judge may not review an NCD. See Section 1869(f)(1)(A)(i) of the Social Security Act.

Unless otherwise specified, italicized text represents quotation from one or more of the following CMS sources:

Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (SSA):

Section 1862(a)(1)(A) excludes expenses incurred for items or services which are not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member.

Section 1833(e) prohibits Medicare payment for any claim which lacks the necessary information to process the claim.

CMS Publications:

CMS Publication 100-03, Medicare National Coverage Determinations (NCD) Manual, Part 1:

30.3 Acupuncture

Abstract:

Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) therapy is a minimally invasive neuromodulation treatment designed to provide sacral nerve stimulation through percutaneous electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. Sacral neuromodulation involves stimulation of the sacral nerve plexus which regulates bladder and pelvic floor function. In July 2005, the Urgent® PC Neuromodulation System (Uroplasty, Inc.) received 510(k) marketing clearance for percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat patients suffering from urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and urge incontinence. This device was cleared as a class II "nonimplanted, peripheral nerve stimulator for pelvic floor dysfunction" because it was considered to be substantially equivalent to the previously cleared percutaneous Stoller afferent nerve system (PerQ SANS System) in 2001 (K992069, UroSurge, Inc.).

In sacral root neuromodulation, an implantable pulse generator that delivers controlled electrical impulses is attached to wire leads that connect to the sacral nerves, most commonly the S3 nerve root that modulates the neural pathways controlling bladder function. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a technique of electrical neuromodulation proposed for the treatment of voiding dysfunction including urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, and nonobstructive retention in patients who have failed behavioral and/or pharmacologic therapies. Stimulating the posterior tibial nerve with PTNS is purported to improve voiding function and control. While the posterior tibial nerve is located near the ankle, it is derived from the lumbarsacral nerves (L4-S3), which control the bladder detrusor and perineal floor.

The procedure for PTNS consists of the insertion of a needle above the medial malleolus near the posterior tibial nerve followed by the application of low voltage (10mA, 1–10 Hz frequency) electrical stimulation that produces sensory and motor responses (i.e., a tickling sensation and flexion of the big toe and/or fanning of all the toes). Noninvasive PTNS has also been delivered with surface electrodes. PTNS studies have reported 30-minute sessions given weekly for 4–12 weeks. The usual schedule is one 30-minute session once per week for twelve weeks. Consideration has been given to increasing the frequency of treatments to 3 times per week to speed achievement of desired outcomes.

Rationale/Review of Literature

In the WellPoint Medical Policy – Treatments for Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Retention (SURG.00010) published 02/25/2010, a review of literature related to the Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation (Urgent® PC Neuromodulation System) documented the following conclusions:

• The technology of peripheral neuromodulation is still in the relatively early stages of development. Most research in the field has been reported in the last few years with little long-term data available. The bulk of the published studies have been uncontrolled case series. A wide variety of patient populations have been studied, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria used have been variable, as have been both the metrics used to measure responses and the parameters to establish success. Published studies have reported wide variation in degrees of success. The need exists for more randomized, controlled trials as well as data on longer term outcomes. (Cooperberg, 2005).
  
  
• Small case series have reported on an array of conditions with varying results. There is disparity in the treatment length ranging from 8 to 12 weeks and follow-up continues to be short-term. Several studies have shown that any improvement resulting from PTNS is short-lived and there appears to be the need for chronic, maintenance treatment to maintain results (Nuhoglu, 2006; Van Der Pal, 2006). Van Balken (2004) reported that although PTNS is minimally invasive, easily applicable and well tolerated, more data are needed especially on objective parameters and long-term follow-up. In addition, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of PTNS need to be studied. Vandoninck (2003) states that PTNS requires further research to determine optimal stimulation parameters and to analyze predictive factors.
  
  
• Since most drug or device studies investigating voiding dysfunction have a large placebo effect, Peters et al (2009a) identified a scientific and clinical need to test PTNS in a controlled clinical trial against a realistic sham treatment and conducted a randomized, blinded control study testing a proposed realistic sham against PTNS on 30 healthy subjects. The participants were blinded when given PTNS stimulation and TENS stimulation (sham). The TENS stimulation was modified to mimic PTNS. In total, 10/30 (33%) of the shams were identified correctly. From this study the authors concluded that subjects are unable to identify whether they are receiving a sham or the PTNS and that this protocol provides a reasonable sham for PTNS controlled studies.
  
  
• Peters et al (2009b) a conducted an industry supported, unblended, randomized trial comparing PTNS and extended-release tolterodine (Detrol LA) in women with overactive bladder syndrome. Subjects had to have symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) with at least 8 voids per 24 hours; the mean daily voids for those entering the study was 12.3. The primary outcome was the non-inferiority of PTNS in the mean reduction in the number of voids per 24 hours after 12 weeks of treatment. Study findings showed non-inferiority of PTNS based on results for 84 patients. The decrease in voids per day was 2.4 in the PTNS group and 2.5 in the tolterodine group. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients reporting improvement or cure in symptoms (79.5 vs. 54.8%). Limitations of this study include the lack of blinding to patients and providers as well as lack of a sham/placebo group both to mitigate the potential bias due to subjective outcomes and to evaluate whether either treatment is better than placebo. Another limitation is that it reports on short-term efficacy only.

In addition to the Wellpoint analysis, National Government Services has reviewed the following published studies (MacDiarmid et al, 2010: Peters et al, 2010; Finazzi-Agro et al, 2010).

• MacDiarmid et al (2010) assessed the sustained therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in subjects responding to PTNS after 12 weeks of therapy. These “responders” were identified in the Overactive Bladder Innovative Therapy Trial (OrBIT) which compared the effectiveness of PTNS and extended-release tolterodine during 12 weeks of therapy for frequency, nocturia, urgency, voided volume and urge incontinence episodes. A total of 33 PTNS responders continued therapy for an additional nine months. Treatment intervals were selected by the subjects under the supervision of the investigator to allow them to control their symptoms. Subjects received a mean of 12.1 +/- 4.9 treatments during an average of 263 days. Mean number of days between treatments was 21 from the 12-week visit through the 12-month visit. Thirty-two subjects completed 6 months and 25 completed 12 months of therapy. Twelve week results were sustained, but the only measure showing further statistically significant mean improvement at 12 months was the number of moderate-to-severe urgency episodes with values of 3.7 +/- 2.6 at 12 weeks and 2.7 +/- 2.3 at 12 months. However, the p value of 65 years of age. Males were vastly under-represented. Only 25 patients completed the 12 months.
  
  
• The Study of Urgent® PC vs Sham Effectiveness in Treatment of Overactive Bladder Symptoms (SUmiT) study by Peters et al (2010) was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of PTNS to sham through 12 weeks of therapy. Two hundred twenty patients with overactive bladder symptoms were enrolled at 23 centers and randomized 1:1 to 12 weeks of weekly percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) or sham treatment. The primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of PTNS compared to an inactive sham intervention in subjects with overall OAB symptoms in an “intent to treat” analysis. A responder was defined as someone who reported bladder symptoms as moderately or markedly improved on a 7-level global response assessment (GRA) at week 13 after completing 12 treatment weeks. There were 86 (78.2%) females in the PTNS arm and 88 (80.0%) in the sham group. Sixty (54.5%) of the PTNS subjects and 23 (20.9%) of the sham subjects reported moderate or markedly improved overall bladder symptoms from baseline. The p value was 65 years of age were not separately reported; few men in the study; and the need for correct recall for 4 weeks by study participants reporting on the OAB-q short form to obtain at least a portion of the data. Although statistically significant improvements were described for frequency and nighttime void means, the actual ranges overlapped. For example, frequency before and after PTNS treatment was 9.1 – 15.5 and 7 –12.6; with sham values of 9.4 – 15.4 to 7.9 – 14.1. Nighttime voids before and after treatment were 1.3 – 4.5 to 0.2 – 3.5 for PTNS and 1.2 – 4.6 and 1 – 4.2 for sham. Thus, the question of clinical significance versus statistical significance is raised.
  
  
• Finazzi-Agro et al (2010) conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled study, based on an original placebo technique, performed to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in female patients with detrusor overactivity incontinence. Thirty-five female patients presenting with detrusor overactivity incontinence that had not responded to antimuscarinic therapy were randomly assigned to PTNS or a control group. The percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group (18 patients) was treated with 12 percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation sessions. The control group (17 patients) received an original placebo treatment. Sessions lasted 30 minutes and were performed three times a week. All patients were evaluated with three-day bladder diaries as well as quality of life scores at baseline and after treatment. The primary outcome measure of this study was the percent of responders in each group, defined as patients with a reduction of 50% or more in urge incontinence episodes. Of 17 patients in the PTNS group 12 (71%) and zero (0) of 15 in placebo group were considered responders (p <0.001). Improvement in the number of incontinence episodes, number of voids, voided volume and incontinence quality of life score were statistically significant in the percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group but not in the placebo group. Sixty percent of study participants correctly identified whether they were in the PTNS or placebo group. Other study limitations/concerns were the applicability of this study to Medicare beneficiaries > 65 years as the mean age of the PTNS patients was 44.9 and 45.5 years for the placebo group; the small number of study participants; and the electrical current for the placebo was only for a 30 seconds compared to the longer duration for the PTNS patients. The method of treatment blinding for the patients was not described and although the analyzing physician and the statistician were blinded to group assignments, the treating practitioners were not reported to be blinded to patient assignment. In addition, data from only one baseline and one three-day voiding diary were used to determine effectiveness. The timing of the latter was not listed.

Leong et al. (2011) abstracted the records of 141 patients with OAB who had failed anticholinergic medications and were then treated with PTNS from 2000 - 2009 in a university urogynecology practice to determine PTNS efficacy. A secondary outcome was to determine the time to response of urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. All patients had been treated with at least one anticholinergic medication for a month. If the patient did not object, a new prescription for an anticholinergic for another month was given to assure that an adequate trial had occurred. Most patients had a history of multiple medication trials as well as behavioral modifications. Patients were told to expect results over weeks rather than overnight. Ten to 12 weeks of PTNS treatment followed by a tapering schedule developed for the individual patient occurred and ranged from monthly to three months. A questionnaire regarding symptoms was verbally given each week.

The mean patient age was 60.4 years with a range from 18- 89. The number of patients ≥ 65 years and their results were not separately reported. All were female. Using intention to treat, 95 (67.4%) of the patients were satisfied with their subjective improvement. Of the 116/141 (82.3%) of the patients who completed treatment, 92/116 (79.3%) were satisfied with their level of improvement and 90 (77.5%) elected to continue with long-term treatment (4 -103 months). The median week to improvement was five (5) weeks for nocturia, seven (7)weeks for frequency, six (6) weeks for urgency, and six (6) weeks for urge incontinence.

Strengths of the study were considered to be the large number of patients from a single practice in a "real world" setting where patients were not compensated for their time and encouraged to remain compliant other than would occur a with the normal standard of care. Weaknesses included the retrospective design, lack of uniform diagnostic testing and tapering treatment intervals, and lack of a control group. There were no data beyond the first 12 weeks of treatment. Analysis of the data for longevity of effective treatment is planned.

An Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in adult women was published in April 2012 (Shamliqan et al, 2012). The Executive Summary states, “Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation improved UI. Individual RCTs indicated no difference in adverse effects and treatment discontinuation with active or sham stimulation.” Table B, page ES-24 stated percutaneous electrical stimulation versus no active treatment had a “Moderate” level of evidence for improved urinary incontinence (UI) based on three (3) studies (not referenced). Relative risk was 1.9 with confidence intervals (CIs) (95%) of 1.1 – 3.2 and absolute risk was 0.31 with CIs of -0.01 -0.18. The number needed to treat was three (3) with 95% CIs of 2 – 25. The AHRQ “moderate” level of evidence is described as follows:

Moderate confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect. Further research may change our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.

The “Results” portion of the AHRQ report contained Key Question 3, “How effective is the nonpharmacolgical treatment of UI?” “Clinical Effects of Percutaneous Nerve Stimulation” (PTNS), page 101 stated it had been shown to improve urinary incontinence (UI) in adults with OAB and listed four randomized clinical trials (RCTs). For “Continence,” the AHRQ report1 noted, “No RCTs compared continence after percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham stimulation in adults with UI.” Not described above is Surwit et al. (2009) that added PTNS to treatment of 256 patients with urge or mixed (urge and stress) incontinence. If the latter, urge incontinence needed to be the more significant problem. Sequential treatments on the same day included both pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation (PRMR) with biofeedback, pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with exercise and electrical stimulation followed by insertion of a vaginal probe with electrical stimulation, and then PTNS for 30 minutes. Vaginal estrogen cream or pomegranate oil was used and constipation and dietary modification also occurred. A totally dry status was reported in 98% of the patients three months after treatment. Eight patients relapsed and were “re-educated” with dryness being achieved. The author stated, “A randomized trial of combining biofeedback, PFMT with pelvic exercises, and electrical stimulation (pudendal and hypogastric nerve neuromodulation) will have to be done to confirm these results.” The AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPCs) prepare reports that are used by a variety of decision makers, but do not develop recommendations.

An American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline” was published 2012. The following was included:

18. Clinicians may offer peripheral tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) as third-line treatment in a carefully selected patient population.

Option (Evidence Strength Grade C)“Options” were described as “non-directive statements that leave the decision to take an action up to the individual clinician and patient because the balance between benefits and risks/burdens appears relatively equal or unclear.” Evidence level C is described as “low.”

Peters et al. (2012) published the results of an observational study of PTNS treated patients with overactive bladder syndrome who were considered responders one week after 12 weeks of treatment in the SUmiT trial. Sixty of the 103 (58%) out of 110 (55%) individuals receiving active PTNS treatment considered themselves to be moderately or markedly improved on the 7-level Global Response Assessment (GRA). Fifty consented to enroll in the STEP study. Only 35 completed the 24-month study with 34 evaluable questionnaires and 33 evaluable voiding diaries. Therefore, 35/110 or 32% of the initial group and 35/60 or 58% of the enrolled group completed the study. Those enrolled received a tapering protocol of PTNS of five treatments over 14 weeks and then in consultation with the investigator began a Personal Treatment Plan for the remainder of the study. Subjects received a PTNS treatment as OAB symptoms were increasing and knew that the PTNS treatments were available at any time. Three-day voiding diaries were completed at completion of the SUmiT trial, three months post-entry into and every six months thereafter in the STEP.

A mean of 1.3 + 0.7 with a median of 1.2 (range 0.3 – 4.3) treatments per month were received. The decrease in frequency (12.0 to 9.8) and nighttime voids (2.7 to 1.8) as well as urinary urge episodes (3.7 to 0.3) and moderate to severe urgency (8.5 to 2.8) were maintained. [Thirty-eight of the 50 enrollees (75%) had urge urinary incontinence and 73% completed the study.] Wide ranges were visible on the graphic displays except for the urinary urge incontinence episodes.

Peters et al. (2013) also published three-year results of patients enrolled in the STEP study described above. Twenty-nine patients completed the study which is 26% of the patients receiving the initial active treatment or 48% considered to have responded to the active treatment. The GRA was used as the primary efficacy endpoint measure in the initial SUmiT and the two- and three-year STEP studies. It relies on patient self-report, and relative to subject assessment tools such as a voiding diary, is a weak measure. In addition, there were no baseline GRA measures noted for patients in the initial SUmiT, which is especially concerning because the GRA results rely on patient memory and thus prevented assessment of improvement in the treatment groups relative to baseline.

There was no inclusion of the SUmiT trial patients who had responded to sham nor were there any sham treatments included in this STEP studies. There was also no notation that behavioral counseling regarding fluid intake or other measures occurred. The authors concluded “sustained safety and efficacy of PTNS” occurred with the maintenance regimen.

A Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Assessment, “Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Voiding Dysfunction” was published in January 2014. Studies were reviewed for initial treatment and the maintenance phase. For the initial treatment, two sham-controlled trials were included. Peters et al. (2010) , the SUmiT trial, was rated as “Good” using the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force quality of evidence levels. The trial by Finazzi-Agro et al. (2010) was rated as “Fair.” Four comparator trials were also included in the assessment. Each was graded as “Poor” regarding the level of evidence. It was concluded that PTNS as a treatment for voiding dysfunction met the Technology Evaluation Center (TEC) criteria.

In May 2014, the American Urological Association (AUA) published updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder in adults [Gormley et al, (2014)]. Although the evidence level was still considered Grade C (low balance between benefits and risks/burdens uncertain), PTNS was upgraded to a “Recommendation” for carefully selected patients as a third-line treatment of overactive bladder with or without urge incontinence.

Indications and Limitations:

National Government Services (NGS) will allow PTNS coverage for beneficiaries with overactive bladder syndrome (OBS) as a less invasive “third-line treatment” for selected patients who meet the criteria outlined in the AUA’s Guideline as listed below.

PTNS is considered reasonable and necessary for a beneficiary when the following criteria are met:

• An evaluation by an appropriate specialist, usually a urologist or urogynecologist, has been performed and the specialist has determined that the patient is a candidate for PTNS; and
• The medical record documents that the beneficiary has a) been compliant with and failed a trial of symptom-appropriate behavioral therapy of sufficient length to evaluate potential efficacy and b) been compliant with and has failed or been unable to tolerate a trial of at least two appropriate medications administered for four (4) to eight (8) weeks; and
• The voiding diary shows continued findings of OBS; and
• The beneficiary has documented a willingness to attend in-office treatment sessions, to comply with the behavioral therapies, and to continue to keep voiding diaries including documentation of behavioral therapy compliance; and
• Treatment will consist of an initial course of one 30-minute session per week for 12 weeks.

Treatments for relapse shall only be allowed for those patients who achieve a >50% decrease in OBS symptoms with the initial treatment and then relapse.

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This bibliography presents those sources that were obtained during the development of this policy. National Government Services is not responsible for the continuing viability of Web site addresses listed below.

Cooperberg MR, Stoller ML. Percutaneous neuromodulation. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(1):71-78.

Daneshgari F, Moy ML. Current indications for neuromodulation. Urol Clin N Am. 2005;32:37-40.

Doggweiler, Ragi. Will posterior tibial nerve stimulation replace sacral nerve root stimulation as the salvage management of drug resistant urinary urge incontinence? Editorial. The Journal of Urology. 2010;184:1835-1836.

Finazzi-Agro E, Petta F, Sciobica F, Pasqualetti P, Musco S, Bove P. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation effects on detrusor overactivity incontinence are not due to a placebo effect: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Urology. 2010;184:2001-2006.

Govier FE, Liwiller S, Nitti V, Kreder KJ, Rosenblatt P. Percutaneous afferent neuromodulation for the refractory overactive bladder: results of a multicenter study. Journal of Urology. 2001;166:1193-1198.

Klingler HC, Pycha A, Schmidbauer J, Marberger M. Use of peripheral neuromodulation of the S3 region for treatment of detrusor overactivity: a urodynamic-based study. Urology. 2000;56:766-771.

MacDiarmid SA, Peters SM, Shobeiri SA, et al. Long term durability of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder. Journal of Urology. 2010;183:234-240.

Nuhoglu B, Fidan V, Ayyildiz A, Ersoy E, Germiyanoglu C. Stoller afferent nerve stimulation in woman with therapy resistant over active bladder; a 1-year follow up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006;17(3):204-207.

Other Medicare Contractor Local Coverage Determinations

Peters K, Carrico D, Burks K. Validation of a sham for percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS). Neurology and Urodynamics. 2009;28:58-61.

Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: results from the SUmiT trial. Journal of Urology. 2010;183:1438-1443.

Peters KM, MacDiarmid SA, Wooldridge LS, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus extended-release tolterodine: results from the overactive bladder innovative therapy trial. Journal of Urology. 2009;182:1055-1061.

Product Literature: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. An overview of the procedure and review of the clinical documentation. Performed with the Urgent® PC Neuromodulation system. Product Information, FDA Documentation, Clinical Summary Report. Uroplasty, Inc.

Ruiz BC, Outeirino PXMP, Martinex PC, Duenas EL. Peripheral afferent nerve stimulation for treatment of lower urinary tract irritative symptoms. European Urology. 2004;45-65-69.

Van Balken MR, Vergunst H, Bemelmans BLH. Prognostic factors for successful percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation. European Urology. 2006;49:360-365.

Van Balken MR, Vandoninck V, Gisole KWH, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation as neuromodulative treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Journal of Urology. 2001;166:914-918.

Van der Pal F, van Balken MR, Heesakkers J, Debruyne FMJ, Kiemieney LALM, Bemelmans LH. Correlation betweene quality of life and voiding variables in patients treated with percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation. BJU International. 2006;97:113-118.

Van der Pal F, van Balken MR, Heesakkers J, Debruyne FMJ, Bemelmans BLH. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of refractory overactive bladder syndrome: is maintenance treatment necessary? BJU International. 2006;97:547-550.

Vandoninck V, van Balken MR, Agro EF, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder: urodynamic data. Neurology and Urodynamics. 2003;22:227-252.

Vandoninck V, van Balken MR, Agro EF, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of urge incontinence. Neurology and Urodynamics. 2003;22:17-23.

Wellpoint Medical Policy – Treatments for Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Retention – SURG.00010 – 02/25/2010

Zinkgraf K, O’Leary Quinn A, Ketterhagen D, Kreuziger, B, Stevenson K. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for treatment of overactive bladder and urinary retention in an elderly population. Urologic Nursing. 2009;29(1):30-34.

References submitted for reconsideration request (not previously reviewed) and other literature reviewed August 2011:

Finazzi-Agrò E, Rocchi C, Pachatz C, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation produces effects on brain activity: study on the modification of the long latency somatosensory evoked potentials. Neurourol Urodynam. 2009;28:320-324.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [website]. Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDH). Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff – Clinical Investigations of Devices Indicated for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence. March 8, 2011. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm070852.htm. Accessed 8/27/2011.

Leong FC, McLennan MT, Barr SA, Steele AC. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in patients who have failed anticholinergic therapy: efficacy and time to response. Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery. 2011;17(2):74-75.

MacDiamid SA, Staskin D. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS): a literature-based assessment. Curr Bldr Dysfunction Rep. 2009;4:29-33.

Schreiner L, dos Santos TG, Knorst MR, Gomes da Silva Filho I. Randomized trial of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2010;21:1065-1070.

Vandoninck V, van Balken MR, Finazzi-Agrò E, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of voiding dysfunction: urodynamic data. Neurourol Urodynam. 2004;23:246-251.

Vandoninck V, van Balken MR, Finazzi-Agrò E, Petta F, Micali F, Heesakkers JPFA et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of idiopathic nonobstructive voiding dysfunction. Urology. 2003;61:567-572.

Wooldridge LS. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of urinary frequency, urinary urgency and urge incontinence: results from a community-based clinic. Urologic Nursing. 2009;29(3):177-185.

References reviewed for reconsideration request July 2012:

Burton C, Sajja A, Latthe PM. Effectiveness of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourology and Urodynamics. doi: 10.1002/nau

Finazzi AE, Campagna A, Sciobica F, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation: is the once-a-week protocol the best option? Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2005; Jun;57(2):119-123.

Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline. American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline. Copyright © 2012 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.®

Karademir K, Baykal K, Sen B, et al. A peripheric neuromodulation technique for curing detrusor overactivity: Stoller afferent neurostimulation. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2005;39(3):230-233.

MacDiarmid S, Peters KM, Wooldridge L. 12 month percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation treatment interval results: Outcomes from the Orbit trial. Paper presented at: Neurourology and Urodynamics, 2010; Joint Meeting of the International Continence Society and the International Urogynecological Association, Toronto, Canada, 23-27 August 2010.

Peters KM, Carrico, DJ, MacDiarmid SA, et al. (2012), Sustained therapeutic effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: 24-month results of the STEP study. Neurourology and Urodynamics. doi: 10.1002/nau.22266

Peters K, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, et al. 12 week results from the Sumit trial: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs validated sham in those exposed to pharmacologic therapy. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2010;29:988-989.

Shamliyan T, Wyman J, Kane RL. Nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in adult women: Diagnosis and comparative effectiveness. comparative effectiveness review No. 36. (Prepared by the University of Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 11(12)-EHC074-EF. Rockville, MD. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. April 2012.

Surwit E, Campbell JD, Karaszewski K. Neuromodulation of the pudendal, hypogastric, and tibial nerves with pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation in the treatment of urinary urge incontinence. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2009;12(3):175-179.

References reviewed for reconsideration request August 2012:

Burton C, Sajja A, Latthe PM. Effectiveness of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2012;3:1206-1216.

Monga AK, Tracey MR. A systematic review of clinical studies of electrical stimulation for treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23:993-1005.

References reviewed for reconsideration request November 2013:

Hayes, Inc. L31391 Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation for Voiding Dysfunction. April 2013.

Leong F, McLennan MT, Barr SA, Steele AC. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in patients who have failed anticholinergic therapy: efficacy and time to response. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2012;17(2):74-75.

Levin PJ, Wu JM, Kawasaki A, Weidner AC, Amundsen CL. The efficacy of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in women: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23(11):1591-1597. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1712-4. Epub 2012 Mar 13.

Martinson M, MacDiarmid S, Black E. Cost of neuromodulation therapies for overactive bladder: percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sacral nerve stimulation. Journal of Urology. 2013;189:210-216.

Moossdorff-Steinhauser HF, Berghmans B. Effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on adult patients with overactive bladder syndrome: a systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(3):206-214. doi: 10.1002/nau.22296. Epub 2012 Aug 20.

Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Wooldridge LS, Miller CJ, MacDiarmid SA. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the long-term treatment of overactive bladder: 30 year results of the STEP study. Journal of Urology. 2013;189:2194-2201.

Peters KM, Carrico DJ, MacDiarmid SA, et al. Sustained therapeutic effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: 24-month results of the STEP study. (2012) Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2013;32(1):24029. doi: 10.1002/nau.22266. Epub 2012 Jun 5

Yoong W, Shah P, Dadswell R. Sustained effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder syndrome: 2-year follow-up of positive responders. Int Urogynecol J. Sept 2012 e-pub ahead of print. doi10:1007/s00192-1936-3.

Reference reviewed for reconsideration request February 2014:

Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Assessment, “Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Voiding Dysfunction” January 2014.

Reference August 2014:

Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline. American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline. Copyright © 2014 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.®

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• Incontinence